《亚洲地区的疫苗公平、透明与问责：现实与困境》包含亚洲三个次区域（东南亚、南亚和中亚）的11个国家报告。该报告审视了这些国家的趋势和相似之处，也捕捉了各国独特的经验和情况。研究员通过利用一手数据——访谈和“焦点小组讨论”（简称FGD）——和二手数据，调查了11个国家新冠疫情期间疫苗信息的可及性、公平性、透明度和疫苗采购问责制。 报告还特别调查了中国制造的新冠疫苗如何在疫苗获取和公平问题上发挥作用，中国的影响力及其疫苗外交在每个国家的运作方式。
VACCINE EQUITY, TRANSPARENCY, AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN ASIA: Realities and Dilemmas contains 11 country reports across three subregions in Asia – Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Central Asia. It examines trends and similarities across focus countries while capturing each country’s unique experiences and situations. Using primary data — interviews and focus group discussions (FGD) — and secondary data, the 11-country research investigates vaccine information accessibility, equity, transparency, and accountability of vaccine procurement during the COVID-19 pandemic. It also takes a special look at how COVID-19 vaccines made by China-based manufacturers have figured in the issues of vaccine access and equity, China’s influence, and how its vaccine diplomacy works in each of the researched countries.
该综合报告以英文撰写，您可以点击此处访问完整报告。此外，我们还设计了一系列中英文的信息图表用于突出每个国家报告中的一些关键要点。创新变革-东亚中心和疫苗透明与问责项目团队希望通过分享这些资讯，扩大疫苗公平性、透明度、问责制以及疫苗外交等议题的讨论。
This report synthesis was originally written in English, and you may access it together with the full report here. A series of infographics in English and in Chinese have also been created to highlight some of the key points in each of the country reports. Innovation for Change – East Asia and the Vaccine Transparency and Accountability project team share these materials with you with the intention of broadening discussions on vaccine equity, transparency, accountability, and diplomacy.
综合报告 Synthesis
阿富汗 Afghanistan
阿富汗：阿富汗的国家报告审视了该国应对新冠疫情的变化，从先前的伊斯兰阿富汗共和国（IRA）到现在塔利班统治的伊斯兰阿富汗酋长国。报告重点关注了国家疫苗接种计划的实施，疫苗信息的获取，疫苗采购、分发和获取的透明度，疫苗公平和中国疫苗外交。该系列信息图表突出了一些关键的研究结果。点击此处阅读阿富汗报告（英文版）。
The Afghanistan report examines the country’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic covering both administrations of the previous Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (IRA) and the current Taliban rule referred to as Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. There is particular focus on the implementation of the national vaccination plan, access to vaccine information, and looking into the transparency of vaccine procurement, distribution, allocation, vaccine equity, and Chinese vaccine diplomacy. This series of infographics highlights some of the key research findings. READ the Afghanistan report (in English) here.
孟加拉国 Bangladesh
孟加拉国：报告探讨了孟加拉国新冠疫苗接种的现状，评估与疫苗和疫苗接种相关的信息获取、公平性、问责制和透明度。孟加拉国自2021年初开始接种新冠疫苗，但接种率依然很低，其原因多样，包括最不发达国家经常面临的疫苗不公平问题。近两年来，孟加拉国公平分配疫苗的问题备受关注，依然是个至关重要的议题。尽管孟加拉国已开始朝着疫苗自给自足的方向努力，但当前的重点应是确保对外国疫苗进口的依赖优先服务于公共卫生，而不是成为政治或第三方利益的工具。该系列信息图表突出了一些关键的研究结果。点击此处阅读孟加拉国报告（英文版）。
Bangladesh: The report explores the state of COVID-19 vaccination in Bangladesh to assess information accessibility, equity, accountability, and transparency pertinent to the vaccines and the vaccination rollout. Although Bangladesh started administering COVID-19 vaccines in early 2021, the vaccination target rates remained startlingly low for various reasons, including the issue of vaccine inequity often faced by least developed countries. The hindrances to the equitable distribution of vaccines all over Bangladesh have been a matter of concern for the past two years and remain a crucial topic to discuss. While the inclination towards vaccine self-sufficiency awaits, the focus shifts to ensuring that the dependence on foreign vaccine imports does not become a means to serve political or third-party interests over prioritizing public health. This series of infographics highlights some of the key research findings. READ the Bangladesh report (in English) here.
柬埔寨 Cambodia
柬埔寨：由于没有新冠疫苗制造能力，柬埔寨采取了更多预防性的行政和非药物措施来控制病毒传播。柬埔寨通过双边协议和COVAX机制从各国获得疫苗，但目前只从中国购买了疫苗。自疫情初期，政府在抗击新冠疫情方面逐步依赖中国的技术、后勤、科技、制药和医疗支持。过去几年，柬埔寨与西方国家的关系不太好，然而，新冠疫情更加促使柬埔寨将中国视为唯一可行和现实的盟友，以及在发展和投资项目中的长期合作伙伴。该系列信息图表突出了一些关键的研究结果。点击此处阅读柬埔寨报告（英文版）。
Cambodia: As a non-manufacturing country of COVID-19 vaccines, Cambodia has taken more precautionary administrative and non-pharmaceutical measures to contain the virus. Cambodia received vaccines from various countries via bilateral deals and through the COVAX mechanism, while Cambodia only purchased vaccines from China. The government has grown more reliant on China in the form of technical, logistical, technological, pharmaceutical, and medical support in its efforts to combat COVID-19 since the early stages of the pandemic. While ties with Western countries have not been so good during the past years, COVID-19 has pushed Cambodia even more to regard China as the only viable and realistic ally and a long-term counterpart in development and investment projects. This series of infographics highlights some of the key research findings. READ the Cambodia report (in English) here.
印度 India
印度：自2021年1月16日起，印度政府开始分阶段推出疫苗接种计划。在“印度自力更生运动”（Atma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan）的支持下，政府旨在为14亿公民接种疫苗，支持了本土疫苗的研发，其中包括巴拉特生物技术公司的瓦克辛疫苗（Covaxin）和印度血清研究所的科维希尔德疫苗（Covishield）。这两种疫苗成为了印度抗击病毒的关键保护工具。印度的疫苗自给自足保证了疫苗的可获得性、可负担性和可扩展性。因此，印度在疫苗接种计划的第一年内就能接种超过20亿剂疫苗，这对于一个发展中国家来说是非常了不起的成就。印度的新冠疫苗接种计划采取了优先策略，并开发了Co-WIN (新冠疫苗情报网络)等技术驱动平台，以确保疫苗的公平分配。然而，由于疫苗犹豫、公共卫生设施以及透明度和问责制等问题，这些努力产生了不平等的结果，各州和性别之间的疫苗接种存在差异。该系列信息图表突出了一些关键的研究结果。点击此处阅读印度报告（英文版）。
India: The Government of India launched its vaccination program, in phases, starting 16 January 2021. Under its Atma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan (Self Reliance India Campaign), the government, with the aim of vaccinating 1.4 billion citizens, supported the development of indigenous vaccines, including Covaxin (by Bharat Biotech) and Covishield (Serum Institute of India), which emerged as critical protection providers in India against the virus. India’s self-reliance enabled accessibility, affordability, and scalability of vaccines, which in turn, resulted in India’s ability to administer over two billion doses within the first year of the vaccination programme. This is still regarded as a remarkable feat for a developing country. India’s COVID-19 vaccination programme adopted a prioritisation strategy and developed technology-driven platforms like Co-WIN (COVID Vaccine Intelligence Network) to ensure equitable distribution of vaccines. However, these efforts bore unequal results as vaccination differed across states and genders due to vaccine hesitancy, public health infrastructure, and transparency and accountability issues. This series of infographics highlights some of the key research findings. READ the India report (in English) here.
印度尼西亚 Indonesia
印度尼西亚：该报告探讨了迄今为止印度尼西亚在其雄心勃勃的国家新冠疫苗计划中取得的适度成果。在实施国家计划时，印度尼西亚采取了两项印象深刻的举措。一是它设法披露了相当全面的全国疫苗接种进展的数据记录——按次国家管辖区、年龄组和某些职业——但数据仍缺乏有关易感群体的信息。二是印度尼西亚与国际合作伙伴共同研发了三种本土新冠疫苗，其中两种与国际伙伴合作研发，另一种则完全由当地一所大学和一家制药公司合作研发。该系列信息图表突出了一些关键的研究结果。点击此处阅读印度尼西亚报告（英文版）。
Indonesia: The report discusses how Indonesia has, so far, achieved a modest result from its ambitious national COVID-19 vaccination programs. In running the national program, Indonesia made two impressive moves in two regards. One, it managed to disclose a fairly comprehensive national data record on the vaccination progress – by sub-national jurisdiction, age groups, and certain professions – though it still lacks data on vulnerable groups. Two, Indonesia has also co-developed three local COVID-19 vaccines, two with international collaborators, and another one wholly developed from the partnership of a local university and a local pharmaceutical company. This series of infographics highlights some of the key research findings. READ the Indonesia report (in English) here.
哈萨克斯坦 Kazakhstan
哈萨克斯坦：哈萨克斯坦的新冠疫情形势及随后的疫苗接种推广过程表明，政府响应不力。报告中，我们从缺乏决策公平和缺乏国际疫苗获取公平的角度分析了疫苗公平。在评估政府疫苗接种计划的采购、生产和推广过程中，我们发现疫苗采购过程缺乏透明度，地缘政治的双邻国困境限制了其疫苗政策，以及国内卫生系统在应对全球疫情大爆发的情况下存在脆弱性。该系列信息图表突出了一些关键的研究结果。点击此处阅读哈萨克斯坦报告（英文版）。
Kazakhstan: The COVID-19 situation and subsequent vaccine rollout process in Kazakhstan demonstrated a lackluster government response. In this report, we analyse vaccine equity from the perspective of a lack of decision-making equity, as well as a lack of international vaccine access equity. In assessing the procurement, production, and rollout of the government’s vaccination program, we find a lack of transparency in the vaccine procurement process, geopolitical limitations of the two-neighbour dilemma, and the fragility of the domestic health system to respond to global pandemic scenarios. This series of infographics highlights some of the key research findings. READ the Kazakhstan report (in English) here.
蒙古 Mongolia
蒙古：本报告调查了蒙古的疫苗接种策略及其实施情况。这是创新变革-东亚中心组织的疫苗透明与问责项目中的一部分。研究涵盖三个部分：评估疫苗信息的可及性、疫苗公平和疫苗透明度和问责制。报告突出了蒙古在疫苗外交、早期依赖中国疫苗、疫苗信息有限、最初的疫苗犹豫等方面的一些独特经验。同时概述了新冠疫情及其政府应对措施的背景。这一系列信息图表突出了一些关键的研究发现。在此处阅读蒙古报告（英文版）。
Mongolia: This report investigates Mongolia’s vaccination strategy and its implementation as part of the Vaccine Transparency and Accountability project carried out by the Innovation for Change – East Asia Hub in several Asian countries. The research covers three main components – assessing vaccine information accessibility, vaccine equity, and vaccine transparency and accountability. The report highlights some unique COVID-19-related experiences of Mongolia such as on vaccine diplomacy, early reliance on Chinese vaccines, vaccine information limitation, and initial vaccine hesitancy, while providing general overview of the COVID-19 and pandemic response context. This series of infographics highlights some of the key research findings. READ the Mongolia report (in English) here.
尼泊尔 Nepal
尼泊尔：尼泊尔作为一个非新冠疫苗制造国家，完全依赖疫苗生产邻国、外交伙伴和疫苗联盟的慷慨援助来确保其疫苗供应。尽管尼泊尔是南亚最早开始全国疫苗接种的国家之一，但在整个接种过程中却遇到了许多困难。在疫情期间，腐败、缺乏透明度、错误信息和公民不平等待遇也困扰着人们。该研究着眼于尼泊尔在新冠疫苗方面的成功与失败，特别关注边缘化社群——这是实现疫苗公平的关键人群。现在大多数人口都已接种疫苗，接种工作似乎已取得成功，但政府在透明度、问责制和服务方面仍有改进空间，特别是农村地区。该系列信息图表突出了一些关键的研究结果。点击此处阅读尼泊尔报告 （英文版）。
Nepal: As a non-COVID-19 vaccine manufacturing country, Nepal is completely dependent on the generosity of its vaccine producing neighbors, diplomatic partners, and vaccine alliances to secure its vaccine supply. While it was one of the first countries in South Asia to start a national vaccination drive, it witnessed numerous hiccups throughout the campaign. The pandemic was marred with corruption, lack of transparency, misinformation, and unequal treatment among its citizens. This research looks at Nepal’s successes and failures with COVID-19 vaccines with a special focus on the country’s marginalized communities – a crucial population to incorporate to achieve vaccine equity. With the majority of the population now vaccinated, it may appear that the vaccination campaign has been a success, but there are improvements that the government can address when it comes to transparency, accountability, and service delivery, especially in rural areas. This series of infographics highlights some of the key research findings. READ the Nepal report (in English) here.
菲律宾 Philippines
菲律宾：从2020年到2022年，菲律宾经历了四波新冠疫情。在死亡人数方面，每一波疫情都比前一波更严重，直到第四波，此时疫苗接种已经达到关键数量，死亡人数骤降。现在超过7300万人（约占目标人口的94%）已经完成了接种。疫苗接种计划也可视为取得了一定的成功，但菲律宾政府对中国疫苗的秘密交易存在严重问题。暗箱操作（给予中国疫苗特殊待遇）无法保证信息透明和问责。该系列信息图表突出了一些关键的研究结果。点击此处阅读菲律宾报告（英文版）。
Philippines: From 2020 to 2022, the Philippines experienced four COVID-19 waves. In terms of deaths, each was worse than the previous one—until the fourth, which started after vaccinations had reached a critical mass. The drop in peak deaths was dramatic. Today, over 73 million individuals (about 94% of the target population) are fully vaccinated. The vaccination program may be deemed a qualified success—but the Philippine government’s secretive handling of Chinese-made vaccines was deeply problematic. The black-box approach (which allowed special treatment for Chinese vaccines, among other anomalies) proved to be a failure in transparency and accountability. This series of infographics highlights some of the key research findings. READ the Philippines report (in English) here.
泰国 Thailand
泰国：泰国的新冠疫苗接种覆盖率起步相对缓慢——在2021年6月启动全国疫苗接种之前，已发生了三波感染疫情。截至2023年2月中旬，泰国两剂疫苗接种覆盖率停滞在约77.6%，而加强剂的覆盖率停滞在38.5%左右。这些数字掩盖了疫苗分配严重不均的五个维度：目标群体不平等、技术不平等、地域不平等、阶级不平等和种族不平等。中国的影响力体现在340万剂新冠疫苗捐赠(在所有捐赠国中规模最大)、疫苗审批便捷和大量订单上。有效性最高的mRNA莫德纳疫苗被排除在政府疫苗计划外，需要自费接种。同时，政府采购了大量阿斯利康疫苗，并给予该公司的合同制造商暹罗生物科学公司优惠待遇。这表明政府对后者持有偏袒态度，因为该公司属于泰国王室。
Thailand: Thailand’s COVID-19 vaccination coverage got off to a relatively slow start – there had been three infection outbreaks in the country before the nationwide vaccination drive kicked off in June 2021. As of mid-February 2023, Thailand’s two-dose coverage has stalled at around 77.6%, while booster dose coverage has stalled at 38.5%. These figures belie significant vaccine inequality covering five dimensions: target group inequality, technological inequality, geographical inequality, class inequality, and ethnic inequality. China’s influence was seen in the 3.4 million doses of COVID-19 vaccine donations (the largest among all country donors), the expediency of vaccine approvals, and large orders. Moderna, mRNA vaccine which boasts the highest efficacy rate, was relegated to the status of “alternative vaccine” outside the government’s program which people have to pay for. Meanwhile, large orders of AstraZeneca and favorable terms point to preferential treatment for Siam Bioscience, the company’s contract manufacturer owned by the current monarch. This series of infographics highlights some of the key research findings. READ the Thailand report (in English) here.
东帝汶 Timor-Leste
东帝汶：东帝汶目前可供选择的新冠疫苗包括阿斯利康、辉瑞和国药，这些疫苗主要来自三个主要捐赠国家——美国、澳大利亚和中国。截至2023年3月13日，约60.53%符合条件的人口已经完成了疫苗接种（接种了两剂）。尽管看似进展积极，但幕后出现了几个障碍。研究试图揭示东帝汶疫苗采购和接种的透明度和问责制状况。例如，信息获取仍然是公众关注问题。执行强制性疫苗接种政策，并将其作为公众获得公共服务、就业、补贴和其他社会服务的先决条件，也被视为政府在应对疫情方面的失败，因为这些政策没有得到人民的同意。该系列信息图表突出了一些关键的研究结果。点击此处阅读东帝汶报告（英文版）。
Timor-Leste: There are three COVID-19 vaccines currently available in Timor-Leste – AstraZeneca, Pfizer, and Sinovac – which were primarily obtained from three major donors – the United States, Australia, and China. By 13 March 2023, around 60.53% of the eligible population had been fully vaccinated (administered with two doses). Despite this seemingly positive progress, several obstacles arose behind the scenes. This study, therefore, attempts to unpack the level of transparency and accountability of vaccine procurement and inoculation in Timor-Leste. Access to information, for example, remains a public concern. Enforcing mandatory vaccination policies as a pre-condition for the public to access public services, jobs, subsidies, and other social services is also considered a government failure in its pandemic response, as these policies are enforced without obtaining people’s consent. This series of infographics highlights some of the key research findings. READ the Timor-Leste report (in English) here.
